Technique Helps Map Myelination in the Brain

Researchers have developed a new technique that provides rapid access to brain landmarks previously only available at autopsy. Better brain maps will result, speeding efforts to determine how the healthy brain works and potentially helping in future diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders.

Similar to exploring and mapping a new planet, scientists are probing the brain for every type of landmark they can capture. Each ripple and cranny helps scientists find their way through the intricacies of the human brain. The technique, reported in the Journal of Neuroscience August 10, 2011, makes it possible for scientists to map myelination, or the degree to which branches of brain cells are covered by a white sheath known as myelin in order to speed up long-distance signaling. It was developed in part through the Human Connectome Project, a US$30 million, five-year effort to map the brain’s wiring. That project is headed by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis (USA) and the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, USA).

“The brain is among the most complex structures known, with approximately 90 billion neurons transmitting information across 150 trillion connections,” said David Van Essen, PhD, professor and head of the department of anatomy and neurobiology at Washington University. “New perspectives are very helpful for understanding this complexity, and myelin maps will give us important insights into where certain parts of the brain end and others begin.”

Easy access to detailed maps of myelination in humans and animals also will aid efforts to understand how the brain evolved and how it works, according to Dr. Van Essen. Neuroscientists have known for more than a century that myelination levels differ throughout the cerebral cortex, the gray outer layer of the brain where most higher mental functions take place. Until now, however, the only way they could map these differences in detail was to remove the brain after death, slice it, and stain it for myelin.

Washington University graduate student Matthew Glasser developed the new technique, which combines data from two types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans that have been available for years. “These are standard ways of imaging brain anatomy that scientists and clinicians have used for a long time,” Mr. Glasser remarked. “After developing the new technique, we applied it in a detailed analysis of archived brain scans from healthy adults.”

As in prior studies, Mr. Glasser’s findings revealed highest myelination levels in areas involved with early processing of data from the eyes and other sensory organs and control of movement. Many brain cells are jammed into these regions, but the connections among the cells are less complex. Scientists suspect that these brain regions rely greatly on what computer scientists term parallel processing: Instead of every cell in the region working together on a single complicated problem, multiple separate teams of cells work simultaneously on different parts of the problem.

Regions with less myelin include brain regions linked to speech, reasoning, and use of tools. These areas have brain cells that are packed less densely, because individual cells are larger and have more complex connections with neighboring cells. “It’s been widely hypothesized that each chunk of the cerebral cortex is made up of very uniform information-processing machinery,” Dr. Van Essen said. “But we’re now adding to a picture of striking regional differences that are important for understanding how the brain works.”

According to Dr. Van Essen, the technique will make it possible for the Connectome project to map rapidly myelination in many different research participants. Data on many subjects, acquired through many different analytic methods, including myelination mapping, will help the resulting maps cover the range of anatomic variation present in humans. “Our colleagues are clamoring to make use of this approach because it’s so helpful for figuring out where you are in the cortex, and the data are either already there or can be obtained in less than 10 minutes of MRI scanning,” Mr. Glasser concluded.

Related Links:
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
University of Minnesota