fMRI Scans of Babies' Brain Provides Clues into Unconscious Activity

Full-term infants are born with a key collection of networks already formed in their brains, according to new research that challenges some earlier hypotheses about the brain's activity and how the brain develops.

The study's findings were published November 2, 2010, in the journal Proceedings of the [US] National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Researchers led by a team from the MRC (Medical Research Council) Clinical Sciences Center at Imperial College London (UK) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning to look at "resting state” networks in the brains of 70 babies, born at between 29 and 43 weeks of development who were receiving treatment at Imperial College Healthcare NHS (National Health Service) Trust.

Resting state networks are connected systems of neurons in the brain that are constantly active, even when a person is not focusing on a particular task, or during sleep. The researchers found that these networks were at an adult-equivalent level by the time the babies reached the normal time of birth.

One specific resting state network identified in the infants, called the default mode network, has been thought to be involved in introspection and daydreaming. MRI scans have shown that the default mode network is highly active if a person is not carrying out a defined task, but is much less active while consciously performing tasks.

Earlier research had suggested that the default mode network was not properly formed in babies and that it developed during early childhood. The fact that the default mode network has been found fully formed in newborns means it may provide the basis for conscious introspection, but it cannot be only process involved, according to the researchers behind the study.

Prof. David Edwards, lead author of the study from the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre at Imperial College London, said, "Some researchers have said that the default mode network is responsible for introspection retrieving autobiographical memories and envisioning the future, etc. The fact that we found it in newborn babies suggests that either being a fetus is a lot more fun than any of us can remember lying there happily introspecting and thinking about the future or that this theory is mistaken. Our study shows that babies' brains are more fully formed than we thought. More generally, we sometimes expect to be able to explain the activity we can see on brain scans terms of someone thinking or doing some task. However, most of the brain is probably engaged in activities of which we are completely unaware, and it is this complex background activity that we are detecting.”

The researchers discovered that the resting state networks principally develop after 30 weeks in the third trimester--and are largely complete by 40 weeks when most babies are born. They reached their conclusions after performing functional MRI scans on babies whose parents had given consent for them to be involved in the study. Some of the babies scanned were under sedation and others were not, but the researchers found no difference in results between sedated and non-sedated babies.

The researchers used a four-dimensional (4D) brain atlas developed with scientists in the department of computing at Imperial College London to map the activity that they found in the infants' brains against what is known about the location of different brain networks.

The next step, according to the investigators, is to find out how these networks are affected by illnesses and to see if they can be used to diagnose problems. The study was conducted by researchers from Imperial College London and University College London (UK).

Related Links:
MRC Clinical Sciences Center at Imperial College London
University College London